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i defend two theses concerning the semantics of number words, such as ‘two’. first, as nouns, they have taxonomic meanings whereby they describe or refer to kinds. secondly, since numerical singular terms refer to numbers, if anything, numbers are kinds. jointly, these two theses have several significant implications for the philosophy of mathematics. for example, they provide a natural and independently

alexander von humboldt (1769–1859) still appears to be an inexhaustible source of inspiration, as it has been said in 2019 on the commemoration of the 250 years of his birth. of the many uses and representations of humboldt's work and legacy, perhaps the least known is his historiographical work. his book critical examination of the history of the geography of the new continent and of nautical cartography

despite extensive research on the role of water infrastructure in consolidating power and political control in frontier regions, few studies have examined how colonial ideologies and water infrastructures have historically defined territories to control populations, labour, and land use over time. this article explores how spain used the prenza system–a colonial water infrastructure–to establish, maintain

during the nineteenth century an intense exploitation of natural resources such as wood and timber in what was considered “marginal” or remote regions started, and was driven by an ever-increasing demand in industrialized regions. one common denominator for the timber exploitation that opened the global expansion of capitalism beyond the borders of europe was the brutal intrusions into indigenous territories

between 1820 and 1875, russian and american colonizers attempted to create an export market for timber in sheet’ká (the modern-day town of sitka in southeast alaska). throughout the russian and american colonial periods though, tlingits (an alaska native people) kept control over their lands and harnessed the timber resources of sheet’ká to begin a trade relationship with euro-american colonizers.

this article revisits mid-20th century asia, southeast asia especially, when the promise of decolonization met the perils of the cold war. empirically, it discusses the life and work of journalist, scholar-activist, and underacknowledged theorist of anticolonial internationalism, oey hong lee (1924–1992). his 1961 indonesian-language book asia won in dien bien phu narrates the 1954 battle and negotiations

this paper asks the question whether any peculiar features of protestant, specifically, calvinist metaphysical theories of the individuation of bodies could explain the preponderance of calvinists among early-seventeenth century atomists. by examining the arguments on individuation of the highly influential late-sixteenth century catholic philosophers, zabarella and suarez, i show that zabarella’s

this essay aims to address little-known aspects of the confessionalization of natural philosophy in sixteenth-century italy, with a focus on controversies surrounding the age and nature of the earth. sources suggest that – rather than causing a process – reactions to the protestant reformation accelerated and shaped developments already underway at the beginning of the sixteenth century when critics

many (protestant) confessional philosophers claimed that physics should be exclusively based on the bible, not on ancient pagan philosophy. at first sight, this program appears very similar to mosaic philosophy. still, there are important differences, as demonstrated by an analysis of three works by authors of different backgrounds, who all claimed the bible was the sole authority on natural knowledge:

did allegorical interpretations of animals disappear from protestant natural histories due to what has been described as the literalist mentality of the reformers? this paper uses histories of animals by (or deriving from) the zurich-based naturalist conrad gessner to argue for two claims: first, that not every instance of the disappearance of allegorical meanings can be explained through the emphasis

once he has established the separation of the two substances, descartes seems to be no longer interested in the location of spiritual substances, unless he has to localize the human mind in the pineal gland or discuss the real presence of christ in the eucharist. it is only in his correspondence with henry more that he is forced to address this problem, in a debate that links the question of the infinity

the prolific english divine samuel parker (1640–1688) is best known for his works on theology and politics and for his blistering attacks on non-conformity, but was also an early member of the royal society who wrote extensively on natural philosophy and theology. my aim in this paper is to highlight a unifying element in this diverse corpus. first, i show how parker promoted the epistemology and experimental

this article traces the work of the american educationalist and missionary sheldon jackson as he introduced non-native reindeer to northern alaska. jackson sought to improve what he considered to be a dire economic situation unfolding amongst the indigenous iñupiat community. the scheme involved recruiting chukchi reindeer herders inhabiting the siberian peninsula to instruct the local iñupiat communities

this study examines the historical surveying of inoh tadataka in early modern japan by focusing on surveying operations. using geographic information systems (gis) in combination with inoh's diaries, we assess how geographical and institutional factors influenced surveying distances and durations. this was analysed in relation to topography, slope, weather and resources available through government

this study examines the use of the first cadastral maps for a systematic recording of forests in the former brumov estate, czech republic. the stable cadastre, which was originally used for taxation efficiency, provides a unique insight into the pre-industrial landscape. using gis-based digitization, an analysis of 1361 forest parcels on 9946 ha was performed, allowing for spatial comparison with the

the iterative conception (ic) is arguably the best worked out conception of set available. what is the status of the axiom of choice under this conception? boolos argues that it is not justified by ic. we show that boolos’s influential argument overgenerates. for, if cogent, it would imply that none of the axioms of zfc which boolos took to be justified by ic is so justified. we furthermore show that

we show that structuralism has the very serious defect of having no satisfactory notion of identity which can be associated with its central notion: structure. we also refute the structural thesis about the nature of the natural numbers by showing that there are at least two completely different structures that are entitled to be taken as ‘the structure of the natural numbers’, and any choice between

this paper explores the relationship of artificial intelligence to resolving open questions in mathematics. we first argue that limitative results from computability and complexity theory retain their significance in illustrating that proof discovery is an inherently difficult problem. we next consider how applications of automated theorem proving, sat-solvers, and large language models raise underexplored

the 1960s saw a series of british expeditions to jordan to establish protected areas. by carefully examining archival material pertaining to these expeditions, i demonstrate how these expeditions, and the protected areas they sought to establish, constituted crucial acts of (post)colonial worlding. these expeditions took place almost twenty years after the end of administrative colonialism in 1947

this article focuses on the bureau of settlement and resettlement studies, an institution established to study poland's post-1945 'recovered territories'. it participated in worldmaking: shaping the geographical imagination and realities of poland's postwar recovered territories in historically specific ways. drawing on data from field collaborators, the bureau's archival practices contributed to framing

this paper introduces the special issue ‘archives as worldmaking’. moving beyond the traditional focus on archives as tools of nation- or empire-building, the special issue posits archiving as a foundational practice of political worldmaking. it therefore emphasises the mechanics of worldmaking, as much as its diverse political manifestations. the paper first provides an overview of recent scholarship

how the semantic significance of numerical discourse gets determined is a metasemantic issue par excellence. at the sub-sentential level, the issue is riddled with difficulties on account of the contested metaphysical status of the subject matter of numerical discourse, i.e., numbers and numerical properties and relations. setting those difficulties aside, i focus instead on the sentential level, specifically