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transparency, or publicity as it was then called, became a fundamental value linked to popular sovereignty in the late eighteenth century. those who advocated greater publicity, particularly of legislative deliberations, did so as part of an overarching vision of political representation as a process by which the popular will was to be continuously reflected in government. publicity, in short, would

the eighteenth-century french slave ship the bonne société traded bundles of goods in exchange for slaves in loango. we present detailed evidence from the ship’s trading log that decomposes the goods in the bundle and identifies the european and african merchants selling captives to the ship. prices steadily increased throughout the captain’s stay in port, and the captain increased the bundle’s price

the world of sugar by ulbe bosma offers an ambitious and sweeping account of the global history of sugar. readers interested in sugar’s role in shaping economies, environments, and societies will find it a captivating synthesis of its past and present trajectories. in this commentary, i engage critically with the book, focusing on the areas most closely aligned with my own research on the brazilian

ulbe bosma’s book on the global history of sugar offers fundamentally new insights into the nexus of technology, corporate capital, government policies, and ideologies of progress in the making of commodity frontiers. from the perspective of historical materialist anthropology, it is important to broaden the research agenda even further. with reference to maussian historical personae in the making

the history of sugar is that of a commodity that has played a central and contested role in the development of global agro-industrial capitalism. in my introduction to this “suggestions and debates” collection, the theoretical underpinnings of the world of sugar will be explained. reference is made to the agenda of the commodity frontiers initiative, which was published in the journal of global history

this paper focuses on an early unique experiment of managed float of state-issued money, implemented in venice between 1619 and 1666. building on a new hand-collected database from a previously unused archival source, we show that, despite the venetian banco ducat’s status as an international currency and the government’s fiscal credibility, the exchange rate was directly and significantly affected

did women’s suffrage affect media sentiment toward voting rights and narratives about women more generally? i identify pro- and anti-suffrage language using publications that explicitly argued for or against early voting reform. i then measure media sentiment using language in newspapers and topic modeling to identify common themes about either suffrage or women. difference-in-differences estimates

this paper documents how the advent of the limited liability corporation contributed to the diffusion of steam technology during sweden’s industrialization. using longitudinal establishment-level data, we show that incorporation sharply raised the probability that industrial establishments adopted steam. incorporation facilitated technology adoption partly by enabling smaller establishments to expand

the world of sugar, ulbe bosma’s compelling historical narrative on how sugar became a global commodity, and the accompanying introductory article in the international review of social history raise many fascinating points for further reflection and debate. in this commentary, i wish to highlight several points that resonate strongly with my own work at the transnational institute (tni), a global think

in this article, which has a strong methodological focus, we establish the labour relations that characterized the urban population of the swedish town of västerås in 1820. several sources are combined: the so-called tabellverket (an early form of demographic statistics) and observations made in, primarily, local court records. to assign labour relations as defined by the global collaboratory on the

this article contributes to the understanding of the scales of global capitalism by addressing labour relations from a historical perspective. firstly, it suggests that the problem of the deadly cost of the expansion and shifting of commodity frontiers can be resolved only with an approach that scrutinizes humans’ consumption habits and lifestyles. secondly, it proposes to explore the making of commodity

the commodity frontiers framework describes well the movement of sugar cultivation across the mediterranean, atlantic, and caribbean. but it is less effective when explaining the evolution of sugar in nineteenth-century tamil nadu. in tamil nadu, the high costs of cultivation discouraged many peasants and landowners from planting sugar cane. as a consequence, despite british pressure to plant more

in the last few decades, scholars have shown an increasing interest in unarmed resistance and the role of civilians during the second world war. if early studies on the resistance initially promoted a unified narration (often warlike and even sexist), subsequent studies have widened the analysis. to the point that today, we can speak not of ‘a’ resistance or ‘the’ resistance but rather ‘resistances’

delegates from neutral countries, who, especially in the case of spain, were active in the protection of prisoners of war during the first world war, remain a group requiring further analysis. this article will consider the experience of the spanish delegates, who were particularly important between 1917 and 1919 for the inspection and protection of a wide range of allied prisoners of war, in their

the history of work is marred by the fact that the meaning of “labour” or “work” changed with the arrival of modern society, making it difficult to draw comparisons across time. there has been a shift from understanding work as any activity that may secure continued living and well-being, to seeing it as paid, full-time, specialized employment. this transformation has obscured the work of some groups

exhibition trophies have become invisible to most people reading about and looking at images of the great world’s fairs. this is not surprising; trophies have fallen out of our awareness because they, and the criticisms they provoked, have received surprisingly little scholarly attention. this article reveals not only this largely overlooked form, but also just how much cultural work they were doing

this study examines the effect of colonial education on the mobilization of koreans during world war ii. considering an educational expansion policy that doubled the number of public primary schools in korea, we employ a difference-in-differences strategy that exploits cross-regional variations in the expansion of primary schools and cross-cohort variations in exposure to school expansion. we show

this paper examines the historical relationships between teacher shortages, teacher demand, and the business cycle using norwegian data covering a period of >160 years (1861–2024). we find a procyclical pattern in teacher shortages, in particular for the post-ww2 period. the post-ww2 results imply that doubling the unemployment rate reduces teacher shortage by about 10 percent. the finding corroborates

this paper presents yearly estimates of income inequality in italy from 1901 to 1950. by constructing dynamic social tables, we comprehensively assess inequality across all elements of italian society and compare italy with other countries over the same period. in a context of declining inequality across europe, interwar italy reveals a trajectory at odds with consolidated narratives: a sharp increase

how does new technology impact labor market outcomes? we address this question by examining the adoption of electricity in sweden during the early 20th century. leveraging detailed individual-level data that covers the entire labor market and exogenous variation in electricity access driven by proximity to hydro-power plants, we estimate the impact of electrification on individual labor market outcomes

this paper quantifies how large-scale natural shocks impede human-capital accumulation when state capacity is weak. i assemble a new monthly panel (1892–1942) linking parish attendance, exam scores, and six-hourly hurdat wind fields. exploiting quasi-random timing and storm trajectories, i estimate causal impacts with (i) a distributed-lag did, (ii) a stacked event study, and (iii) a continuous-intensity

in 1667, andrzej maksymilian fredro, political thinker and senator of the polish-lithuanian commonwealth, argued that fewer sejms should be held to prevent the royal court's corruption of the szlachta from the lower chamber. he feared that envoys, tempted by a political career in the ambit of the court, would seek royal patronage and neglect their local and military responsibilities. this article thinks

the article uses yehuda elkana's theory of images of knowledge to link the ideological demand for industrial counterespionage in interwar czechoslovakia with the shifting legitimacy of what was then considered publicly beneficial corporate research. using industrial counterespionage as an example, the article traces continuities in the discourse on the security of technology transfer, while at the

the messina-reggio calabria earthquake (1908) was one of the most devastating natural disasters in modern european history. it occurred when overseas mass emigration from southern italy was at its peak and international borders were open, making emigration a readily available option for relief. we find that the earthquake had no large positive impact on emigration on average. there were, however, heterogeneous

this article takes a micro-history approach, focusing on the life of a man identified only in the british records as “ned” in order to illuminate the complexity and slipperiness of categories of “race.” ned had lived in the zulu kingdom and, after fleeing a civil war there, became employed in natal by an english colonist-settler, thomas handley. ned traveled with the handley family to england in 1859

in 1805, during a lull in hostilities between england and france, minor warwickshire landowner and slaveholder bertie greatheed was on a european tour with his family when his son died, leaving behind an illegitimate child. greatheed acquired his granddaughter from her dresden-based mother and brought the child up as his own. this article revisits steedman's earlier scholarship on greatheed, which

three decades after the good friday agreement, repositories such as the linen hall library in belfast have built collections that explore the impact of sectarian violence and the path to peace. while the northern ireland political collection is a must for any scholar of the troubles, the library is also filled with resources for british scholars in a number of areas. one such innovative resource –

historians of colonial and postcolonial attempts to deal with undernutrition in africa have generally argued that, after the second world war, scientists and doctors “medicalized” hunger by emphasizing specific deficiencies that could be medically “cured” or alleviated through dietary supplements, thereby covering up the economic, social, and political causes of (post)colonial hunger. this article

this article introduces the scope, content, and capabilities of a new born-digital archive. the medieval londoners database (mld) uses an online platform to collect from and connect to both documents (printed and archival) and digitized resources (such as british history online and the history of parliament online). as a digital prosopography, mld is a freely available resource that offers sophisticated

we explore the role that large fires played in the early development of the japanese fire insurance industry. using a prefecture-level data set spanning 30 years, our econometric analysis shows that large fires led to an increase in new policies and policy renewals, consistent with historical narratives that insurance companies used these events to advertise their business. we also show that this subsequent

early modern urban parliaments suffered an increasing monopolization of political power that hampered urban development. to combat power monopolization, some swiss city-states reformed their election systems by randomly selecting political representatives from a pre-elected pool of candidates. we implement a difference-in-differences design and find that lottery-based election systems improved the

the corn belt is famously responsible for the bulk of u.s. corn production, and over half of its production comes from counties that rely on artificial drainage. we trace the history of this extensive investment in farmland and document the importance of a key institutional innovation, the drainage management district, which increased the land value of naturally wet eastern u.s. counties by 20–37 percent

we use individual-level income data from archived taxation lists to study top-income earners in sweden from 1909 to 1950. using information on 21,055 individual taxpayers in two elite areas in greater stockholm, we show that top incomes fell in real terms over this period, at a stable pace without obvious connection to the great depression or the world wars. the peak of inequality was related to the

how do different types of investors perform during financial bubbles? using a rich archival source, we explore investor performance during the british bicycle mania of the 1890s. we find that directors and employees of cycle companies reduced their holdings substantially during the crash. those holding shares after the crash were generally not from groups stereotypically thought of as naïve, but gentlemen

although long-run economic performance has improved primarily through a decline in the rate and frequency of shrinking rather than through an increase in the rate of growing, most analysis of economic development has focused on increasing the rate of growing. we examine the forces making for a reduction in the rate of shrinking. the main proximate factors considered are (1) structural change, (2) technological

it has long been recognized that the english workhouses of the old poor law era (1601-1834) were important precursors to institutions of the modern social services, but what kind of places were they? characterized by eighteenth-century humanitarians as ‘pauper prisons’, and by early nineteenth-century political economists as ‘pauper palaces’, workhouses were undoubtedly varied institutions with hybrid

the politicization of the environment in the 1970s involved a paradigmatic challenge to the ‘hegemony of growth’. in the netherlands, this economic growth debate was particularly fierce and long-lasting, with protagonists among left-wing parties, christian democrats, and right-wing liberals, all advocating some sort of ‘limits to growth’. moreover, the dutch growth debate also took on a policymaking

a traditional argument that the spanish inquisition did not depress scientific research is that spain experienced its golden age (1492–1657) after the inquisition was formed (1478). yet the arts, rather than the sciences, flourished; and we argue that the inquisition had important chilling effects on the latter. historically focused on persecuting suspected jews, the inquisition began refocusing its

as late as 1750, portugal had a high output per head by western european standards. yet just a century later, portugal was this region’s poorest country. in this paper, we show that the discovery of massive quantities of gold in brazil over the eighteenth century played a key role in the long-run development of portugal. the country suffered from an economic and political resource curse. a counterfactual

this review essay focuses on the intimate, yet contingent, historical relationships between capitalism, democracy and the welfare state in the oecd region. six landmark studies, published over the past decade, are reviewed: daron acemoglu and james a. robinson’s why nations fail: the origins of power, prosperity and poverty and the narrow corridor: how nations struggle for liberty; thomas piketty’s

forced labour in the middle congo was characterized in the interwar period by, on the one hand, a declining role of the notorious french concession companies, and, on the other hand, the growing importance of forced recruitment and forced labour orchestrated by the colonial state. the article attempts to analyse and understand the overall setup of overburdening created by these conditions. based on

belgium's relationship with its colonial past is a complex one including celebration, forgetting, and recently re-evaluation. this article argues that, unlike what’s often thought, decolonization has not stopped in the past few years, but that especially the public space has gradually developed and reached new dimensions. rather than at the national level, this development has taken place on a regional

the wage controls of the national war labor board (nwlb) have been credited with contributing to the decline in income inequality from 1940 to 1950 that occurred along many different dimensions including across regions and occupations. we calculate an upper bound for the effect of the nwlb during this decade by assuming the controls were maximally binding. at the upper bound, the controls could explain